The Rules Governing the Insanity Defense in the UK Free Essay Example, 4500 words

The English law requires that the Home Secretary detains the insane defendant immediately and receives a confirmation of insanity from two psychiatric doctors as pertains to the mental status of the defendant. The second clause of insanity is inculcated in unfitness of the defendant to plead following the defendant presenting with any of the six considerations stipulated under. One consideration is the inability of the defendant too understand the charges, also inability to plead guilty or not and inability to challenge jurors. Consequently, inability to instruct counsel and instruct solicitors is also considered. Moreover, the inability of the defendant to follow proceedings and to give evidence in his defense is also reviewed. See R v Pritchard and M (John). Following an assertion that the defendant is unable to plead, a second jury is usually set up determining if the defendant is guilty of actus reus. However, if the jury is convinced that the defendant is not liable for actus r eus the defendant is acquitted. This cannot therefore lead to criminal conviction and hence the defense illuminating diminished responsibility is not viable as was the ruling in the case of Pierre Harrison ANTOINE v The United Kingdom. The third aspect that inculcates insanity is insanity as the time of the offense. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rules Governing the Insanity Defense in the UK or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The case of R v Clarke asserts that it needs not be mere absent mindedness and forgetfulness and it need to be proved that the defendant suffered from a defect of reason. Additionally, the disease of the mind needs to have caused the insanity inculcating any diseases that may alter the mental functioning of an individual.

The Development And Practice Of Accounting - 1801 Words

The development and practice of accounting is affected by the international business environment. Several influential factors that impact the international environment are the country s legal system, the political and economical relationships with other countries, as well as the social and cultural climate. From an economical perspective many variables that play into the development and practice of international accounting such as the level of inflation, strength of funding, growth pattern of the country s economy and the country s level of independence. In my global business class, I was tasked to review the global market and decide chose a developing country and a market in which I would like to enter. In order to assess which market and country that was suitable, I reviewed the World Bank for pertinent data such as GDP, debt, country ease of doing business, unemployment rate and diversity. In addition, I reviewed the country s resources, regulations and procedures and identifi ed all risks for market entry. Throughout this project, I utilized various resources such as Global Insight, Global Marketing Financial Times, Trading Economics and Atradius. While researching information for this project it was evident that I was not going to develop my business in the European market. This is where the legal and political variables play an important role into development and accounting internationally. For example, back in 2009 the Greece government were so corruptShow MoreRelatedAccounting, Accountability And Governance Practices Of Nigerian Content Development And Monitoring Board948 Words   |  4 PagesThis thesis sets out to examine the accounting, accountability and governance practices of the Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (hereafter, NCDMB) and the International Oil and Gas Companies (hereafter, IOCs) in the implementation of, and compliance with, local content sustainability rules in petroleum contracts in Nigeria. 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This suggests that the CF has a very importantRead MoreThe Role of Conceptual Framework in Accounting1606 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Although conceptual framework standardises the accounting practices by providing the accounting bodies with well-defined financial protocols, it often fails to meet the requirements of different users. The adaptation of standardised financial statements enables the standard setting boards to enhance suitability of the financial standards according to competition in market without creating any legal issues (Beasley, 2010). On other hand, implementation of conceptual framework also reducesRead MoreMicrosoft Accounting Strategy1073 Words   |  5 Pages1996-1999 and the subsequent litigation that arose out of the accounting practice followed by Microsoft. Microsoft’s primary operations has been developing and manufacturing of the software products. As a company, it has shown a very stable growth in terms of revenues and profits, thus enabling better than industry share price increase over more than a decade (1986-1999). With respect to the primary operation of software development and the task to financial reporting the two areas that were requiredRead MoreKey Developments in Budgeting Practice1457 Words   |  6 Pages This question covers an outline of the key developments in budgeting practice, discussion and analysis of the reasons why budgeting has been subject to considerable criticism, and an explanation of the roles that budgeting and budgets might play in an organization. An Outline of the Key Developments in Budgeting Practice The major developments in budgeting practice involve: 1. 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A firms accounting practice refers to the method by which its accounting policies are implemented and adhered to on a routine basis, typically by an accountant and/or auditor or a team of accounting professionals. In another context, an accounting practice is intended to enforce a firm’s accounting guidelines

Impacts of Urban Sprawl Urbanization

Question: Write about theImpacts of Urban Sprawlfor Urbanization. Answer: Introduction: Urbanization refers to the process by which huge number of people shifts their bases from rural areas to the cities with the hope of living better quality lives due to the availability of many advantages that are not present in rural areas. This often include greater scopes of employability, better education system, better lifestyle, good transportation and many others. This recent trend has led huge number of people coming and shifting their base to the cities from the rural areas 1. Further development in the field of medical science has already resulted in the growth in the number of population. As a result cities have come under great pressures and thereby they tend to impact the people at various levels. The essay will mainly portray two of such impact that had affected on the health of the people due to their settlement in the cities and the different initiatives that they government had taken for that. It will also show how different health promotion programs can be organized to address the current issues. First Impact: One important impact that is affecting the health of people is called urban sprawl. Urbanization had led many of the nations to become developed and make life more comfortable. This had resulted in a situation called urban sprawl where there had been present of more density of people in a particular square meter and had resulted in congestion of people living in small household s in large number. This is mainly the case of the people who have come from rural or suburban areas and had settled there. It not only results in environmental harm but also on the monetary costs. The cities are growing outward engulfing more fresh lands for making complexes, residential areas, employment centers and offices. Health Promotion Program Undertaken: This fast movement is unplanned in most cases resulting in degraded human health 2. Poor community design like poorly planned low density, auto-dependent development had resulted in a condition where people are facing difficulty to undertake physical activities and maintain healthy weight. Some of the American reports suggest that there are about 448 countries with sprawling effects where more than 200000 individuals have reported unavailability of patches for walking, biking or perform exercise 3 . Development of body mass index showing obesity has therefore been common along with fatigues, unhealthy lifestyles, lack of entertainments spots and others. Moreover, huge number of families living within small apartments built to accommodate huge population in many developed and developing countries are also the reason where people face irritation feels claustrophobic, develops frustrations and mental problems. However different governments have approached the matter in different ways. O ne can provide an example for it. Australian government had proposed an Australian infrastructure plan with an aim to develop a nation which will give the best lives of people. However, issues such as homelessness, improperly insulated residential apartments, huge residential plots without parks and free grounds are still found in different parts 4. Not only in Australia, America also failed miserably to accommodate its huge number of transports in the narrow lanes of many of the countries where recent increase in population had taken place. In a developing country, like India policies have been published which proposes that by 2050, 900 million people will be added to Indian cities but however no promising steps have been seen to be taken. Huge number of footpath dweller, slums and other such temporary shelters are quite common in many corners compromising hygiene and healthy lives. Second Impact: The impact that had resulted from the rapid increase of number of people in the cities is pollution and that had been affecting the health of different people. Increase of vehicular emissions has increased due to production of more transportation on the road. Not only has that photochemical smog been found to be a common occurrence Water pollution is also taking place due to the flow of the domestic sewage as well as from the urban runoff 5. It had been seen that the river in Sydney called the Nepean Endash; Hawkesbury are under severe stress due to this effect. Garbage disposal has also become a concern I the cities due to the huge population causing environmental pressure on the cities. Reports have suggested that Sydney and Melbourne residents are generating huge tones of papers, cardboards, plastics, solid wastes and others that are having adverse environmental effects. Resources get wasted and toxic air emission is common. Breathing problems have become common in citizens. Reports have shown that people who are living in cities have decreased lung function and also suffering from respiratory inflammation 6. Polluted areas are responsible for the spread of carcinogens affecting people with cancer. Serious damages are found in the immune system as well as in the endocrine and reproductive system. Harmful chemicals which are liberated are settling in water, plants and others which when consumed are resulting in sever adverse impacts on human health. Health Promotion Program Undertaken: Governments all over the world have considered it to be a severe issue and have now tried to control the emissions occurring form the cities. Government of Australia has therefore initiated different laws, initiatives, organizations as well as educational programs with an aim to fix up the problem of urbanization in Australia. The Greens political party as well as the Greenpeace has therefore spoken out the major concerns to make the population aware of issues and take precautionary measure. The national heritage Trust (NHT) takes care of the restoration as well as the conservation of Australias environment and natural resources 7. They are responsible for funding the community, states as well as national level activities in order to improve the environmental impacts on the health of the people. Often waste management awareness, land care projects, coast and clean sea initiatives to overcome the impacts that have resulted due to huge people settling in Cities. A very big event is org anized to attract the attention of Australians to help them understand the harmful impacts of pollution on their health and is the biggest event in the country. Still it has been found that the results have been not satisfactory as many people are still tending to continue practices that are harming the nature 8. The National Pollutant Inventory is a report that had been published by the federal government from the data put forward by different industries show that there had been complete failure for Australia, in decreasing the level of pollution 9. An Ideal Model that Government Should use and the Present Status: However, the government as well as the different community level should approach to the entire issue after a thorough research. This is important because they should gather the knowledge that their own activities are harming their health resulting in cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, headache, uneasy, cancer and others 10. The best health promotion model that both the public and the private sector should implement is their strategies. The ecological model of health promotion is the right one for developing initiatives that will help to address the population as a whole. The ecological model usually guides both the organizations and also individuals to follow a sequential method. The first step of the model would be to address the intrapersonal as well as individual factors that influence the behavior in such a way which will help to develop the knowledge, beliefs, attitudes as well as the personality 11. This is important because each and every individu al should learn to behave in a way so that will help them to remain safe and healthy. The second factor that the concerned organization should try to address in their campaigns or policies is the interpersonal factors. The concerned authority should mainly provides different methods that will help in interacting with people thereby providing them social support as well as help them in overcoming barriers. These would help the population to develop interpersonal growth which ultimately helps in developing the healthy behavior. The third factor would be to look over the institutional as well as the organizational factors 12. This is mainly done by developing rules, regulation s as well as policies informal structures which will help the people to develop healthy behaviors. In case of National Heritage trust, one can see that they have implemented the third option but have not included the intra personal as well as the interpersonal factors which are also some of the , its important fa ctors needed for health promotion. However, the other two factors that many of the organization shave implemented in their health promotion initiatives are the community factors and the public policy. The national Heritage trust had initiated many community programs following the fourth step for the ecological model of health promotion. The fourth factor called the community factor includes the formal as well as the social norms that need to be present among individuals, groups and organizations in order to limit or enhance the issues. Different governments all over the nation have followed the fifth step the ecological model which states policies provided by the local, state as well as the federal governments which help the population to regulate their actions in way that promotes disease prevention. This includes early detection, control and management. Conclusion: Two important impact of settlement of population cities are increasing pollution and urban sprawl affecting quality health of the people. Different initiatives have been taken by governments of different nations. Many have become successful while other has failed. Therefore it is advised for the nations and the policy makers to follow the ecological model of health promotion where they will not only help individuals as well as the population to live a health life but will also develop the contributing factors that are resulting in ill health. If both the impacts are managed properly along with proper health promotion initiatives by the governments, people may experience life with better quality. References: Kumar, P., Morawska, L., Martani, C., Biskos, G., Neophytou, M., Di Sabatino, S., Bell, M., Norford, L. and Britter, R., 2015. The rise of low-cost sensing for managing air pollution in cities.Environment international,75, pp.199-205. Ewing, R., Meakins, G., Hamidi, S. and Nelson, A.C., 2014. Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidityupdate and refinement.Health place,26, pp.118-126. Hamidi, S. and Ewing, R., 2014. A longitudinal study of changes in urban sprawl between 2000 and 2010 in the United States.Landscape and Urban Planning,128, pp.72-82. Nazarnia, N., Schwick, C. and Jaeger, J.A., 2016. Accelerated urban sprawl in Montreal, Quebec City, and Zurich: Investigating the differences using time series 19512011.Ecological Indicators,60, pp.1229-1251. Su, J.G., Apte, J.S., Lipsitt, J., Garcia-Gonzales, D.A., Beckerman, B.S., de Nazelle, A., Texcalac-Sangrador, J.L. and Jerrett, M., 2015. Populations potentially exposed to traffic-related air pollution in seven world cities.Environment international,78, pp.82-89. Krzyzanowski, M., Apte, J.S., Bonjour, S.P., Brauer, M., Cohen, A.J. and Prss-Ustun, A.M., 2014. Air pollution in the mega-cities.Current Environmental Health Reports,1(3), pp.185-191. Karagulian, F., Belis, C.A., Dora, C.F.C., Prss-Ustn, A.M., Bonjour, S., Adair-Rohani, H. and Amann, M., 2015. Contributions to cities' ambient particulate matter (PM): A systematic review of local source contributions at global level.Atmospheric Environment,120, pp.475-483 Benson, D., Jordan, A. and Smith, L., 2013. Is environmental management really more collaborative? A comparative analysis of putative paradigm shifts in Europe, Australia, and the United States.Environment and Planning A,45(7), pp.1695-1712. Marsden, S., 2016.Transboundary environmental governance: inland, coastal and marine perspectives. Routledge. Badland, H., Whitzman, C., Lowe, M., Davern, M., Aye, L., Butterworth, I., Hes, D. and Giles-Corti, B., 2014. Urban liveability: emerging lessons from Australia for exploring the potential for indicators to measure the social determinants of health.Social science medicine,111, pp.64-73. Eldredge, L.K.B., Markham, C.M., Kok, G., Ruiter, R.A. and Parcel, G.S., 2016.Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley Sons. Golden, S.D., McLeroy, K.R., Green, L.W., Earp, J.A.L. and Lieberman, L.D., 2015. Upending the social ecological model to guide health promotion efforts toward policy and environmental change.

Should Children Be Allowed free essay sample

Should children be allowed to use mobile phones at school I believe that mobile phones should be allowed to be used at school at either before school, after school and during the luch breaks. Children should not use mobile phones in the classroom as that is the time and place to learn not to go on your phone. At luch time and recess children should be allowed to use their mobile phones because thay should be able to enjoy their break and eat their food happily and freely. I agree that mobile phones should not be used in the classroom, because if children were using their mobile phones in the classroom where they should be learning, their attention from their school work could drift off, therefore they would not know what to do in their studies leading to them failing their subjects and not succeeding at school. Also the teacher would get inturrupted by the phones noises causing her not to be able to concentrate on teaching the little amount of people who are not using their phones and trying to learn But I also think that children should be allowed to use their mobile phones during their luch breaks, before and after school as they are supposed to be resting and enjoying those times of the day as those are the only times they are allowed to rest during school hours, so they should spend that time efficiently by enjoying their time however they desire. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Children Be Allowed or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I honesly do not see any reasons why children are not allowed to use their phones during these times unless they do not violate any other school rules whilst doing so. This being said I agree and disagree on the the statement â€Å"childlren should be allowed to use mobile phones at school. I agree by saying that they should be used during their lunch breaks, before and after school and I disagree by saying that they should not be used in the classroom, the place top learn.